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Can Animals Get Rabies In The Winter

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Deadly zoonotic disease

This commodity is about rabies in animals. For rabies in humans, come across Rabies. For other uses, encounter Rabies (disambiguation).

Close-up of a canis familiaris during tardily-stage ("dumb") paralytic rabies. Animals with "dumb" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated. Gradually they become completely paralyzed. When their throat and jaw muscles are paralyzed, the animals will drool and accept difficulty swallowing.

Rabies is a viral zoonotic neuroinvasive disease which causes inflammation in the encephalon and is usually fatal. Rabies, caused past the rabies virus, primarily infects mammals. In the laboratory information technology has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from birds, reptiles and insects.[1] Animals with rabies suffer deterioration of the brain and tend to behave bizarrely and ofttimes aggressively, increasing the chances that they will bite another animal or a person and transmit the disease. Most cases of humans contracting the disease from infected animals are in developing nations. In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from rabies, down from 54,000 in 1990.[two]

Stages of disease [edit]

Three stages of rabies are recognized in dogs and other animals.

  1. The first stage is a one- to 3-mean solar day period characterized by behavioral changes[ specify ] and is known as the prodromal stage.
  2. The second stage is the excitative stage, which lasts three to four days. Information technology is this stage that is frequently known as furious rabies due to the tendency of the afflicted animate being to exist hyperreactive to external stimuli and bite at anything near.
  3. The 3rd stage is the paralytic or dumb stage and is caused by damage to motor neurons. Incoordination is seen due to rear limb paralysis and drooling and difficulty swallowing is acquired by paralysis of facial and throat muscles. This disables the host's ability to swallow, which causes saliva to cascade from the mouth. This causes bites to be the nigh common way for the infection to spread, as the virus is most concentrated in the throat and cheeks, causing major contamination to saliva. Death is usually caused past respiratory arrest.[iii]

Mammals [edit]

Bats [edit]

Bat-transmitted rabies occurs throughout North and South America just it was start closely studied in Trinidad in the Westward Indies. This island was experiencing a significant toll of livestock and humans alike to rabid bats. In the x years from 1925 and 1935, 89 people and thousands of livestock had died from it—"the highest human being bloodshed from rabies-infected bats thus far recorded anywhere."[4]

In 1931, Dr. Joseph Lennox Pawan of Trinidad in the Westward Indies, a regime bacteriologist, found Negri bodies in the brain of a bat with unusual habits. In 1932, Dr. Pawan discovered that infected vampire bats could transmit rabies to humans and other animals.[five] [6] In 1934, the Trinidad and Tobago regime began a plan of eradicating vampire bats, while encouraging the screening off of livestock buildings and offering costless vaccination programs for exposed livestock.

Later the opening of the Trinidad Regional Virus Laboratory in 1953, Arthur Greenhall demonstrated that at least eight species of bats in Trinidad had been infected with rabies; including the common vampire bat, the rare white-winged vampire bat, as well as two abundant species of fruit bats: the Seba'southward short-tailed bat and the Jamaican fruit bat.[7]

Recent data sequencing suggests recombination events in an American bat led the modern rabies virus to gain the head of a Yard-poly peptide ectodomain thousands of years agone. This change occurred in an organism that had both rabies and a separate carnivore virus. The recombination resulted in a cantankerous-over that gave rabies a new success rate across hosts since the G-protein ectodomain, which controls binding and pH receptors, was now suited for carnivore hosts as well.[viii]

Cats [edit]

In the United States, domestic cats are the most unremarkably reported rabid animal.[ix] In the United states of america, as of 2008[update], between 200 and 300 cases are reported annually;[10] in 2017, 276 cats with rabies were reported.[11] As of 2010[update], in every twelvemonth since 1990, reported cases of rabies in cats outnumbered cases of rabies in dogs.[9]

Cats that have not been vaccinated and are immune access to the outdoors have the near hazard for contracting rabies, as they may come in contact with rabid animals. The virus is oft passed on during fights between cats or other animals and is transmitted by bites, saliva or through mucous membranes and fresh wounds.[12] The virus can incubate from ane day upwardly to over a twelvemonth before whatever symptoms begin to show. Symptoms accept a rapid onset and tin include unusual assailment, restlessness, languor, anorexia, weakness, disorientation, paralysis and seizures.[thirteen] Vaccination of felines (including boosters) by a veterinarian is recommended to forbid rabies infection in outdoor cats.[12]

Cattle [edit]

In cattle-raising areas where vampire bats are common, fenced-in cows oft become a primary target for the bats (along with horses), due to their easy accessibility compared to wild mammals.[14] [15] In Latin America, vampire bats are the primary reservoir of the rabies virus, and in Republic of peru, for instance, researchers have calculated that over 500 cattle per year die of bat-transmitted rabies.[xvi]

Vampire bats accept been extinct in the United States for thousands of years (a situation that may opposite due to climatic change, every bit the range of vampire bats in northern United mexican states has recently been creeping n with warmer weather), thus Usa cattle are non currently susceptible to rabies from this vector.[15] [17] [18] However, cases of rabies in dairy cows in the United states has occurred (possibly transmitted by bites from canines), leading to concerns that humans consuming unpasteurized dairy products from these cows could be exposed to the virus.[19]

Vaccination programs in Latin America take been constructive at protecting cattle from rabies, along with other approaches such as the culling of vampire bat populations.[16] [xx] [21]

Coyotes [edit]

Rabies is common in coyotes, and can be a cause for concern if they interact with humans.[22]

Dogs [edit]

A folio from 1224 depicting a rabid dog biting a human being.

Illustration shows a group of men attempting to kill a rabid dog. The men are using various weapons including a club, bow and arrow, and a sword. The dog is biting the leg of the man on the far left.

An image from 1566 depicting a grouping of men using an assortment of weapons to attempt and kill a rabid dog who is biting one of the men on the leg.

Rabies has a long history of association with dogs. The first written record of rabies is in the Codex of Eshnunna (ca. 1930 BC), which dictates that the possessor of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measure against bites. If a person was bitten past a rabid dog and afterward died, the owner was fined heavily.[23]

Well-nigh all of the homo deaths attributed to rabies are due to rabies transmitted by dogs in countries where dog vaccination programs are not sufficiently adult to stop the spread of the virus.[24]

Horses [edit]

Rabies tin exist contracted in horses if they interact with rabid animals in their pasture, usually through existence bitten (e.one thousand. by vampire bats)[17] [fifteen] on the muzzle or lower limbs. Signs include aggression, incoordination, head-pressing, circling, lameness, muscle tremors, convulsions, colic and fever.[25] Horses that experience the paralytic form of rabies take difficulty swallowing, and drooping of the lower jaw due to paralysis of the throat and jaw muscles. Incubation of the virus may range from 2–ix weeks.[26] Death frequently occurs within 4–5 days of infection of the virus.[25] There are no effective treatments for rabies in horses. Veterinarians recommend an initial vaccination as a foal at 3 months of age, repeated at one year and given an almanac booster.[25]

Monkeys [edit]

Monkeys, like humans, can go rabies; even so, they exercise not tend to exist a common source of rabies.[27] Monkeys with rabies tend to die more speedily than humans. In one study, nine of 10 monkeys developed severe symptoms or died within 20 days of infection.[28] Rabies is oft a concern for individuals travelling to developing countries as monkeys are the most common source of rabies after dogs in these places.[29]

Rabbits [edit]

Despite natural infection of rabbits beingness rare, they are specially vulnerable to the rabies virus; rabbits were used to develop the first rabies vaccine past Louis Pasteur in the 1880s, and go on to be used for rabies diagnostic testing. The virus is often contracted when attacked by other rabid animals and tin incubate inside a rabbit for upward to 2–iii weeks. Symptoms include weakness in limbs, head tremors, low appetite, nasal belch, and decease within 3–4 days. At that place are currently no vaccines available for rabbits. The National Institutes of Health recommends that rabbits be kept indoors or enclosed in hutches outside that do not allow other animals to come in contact with them.[10]

Skunks [edit]

In the United States, at that place is currently no USDA-canonical vaccine for the strain of rabies that afflicts skunks. When cases are reported of pet skunks bitter a human, the animals are frequently killed in gild to be tested for rabies. Information technology has been reported that three different variants of rabies exist in striped skunks in the due north and south central states.[x]

Humans exposed to the rabies virus must brainstorm post-exposure prophylaxis before the disease can progress to the central nervous organization. For this reason, it is necessary to determine whether the animal, in fact, has rabies as rapidly as possible. Without a definitive quarantine menstruum in place for skunks, quarantining the animals is not advised equally there is no way of knowing how long information technology may take the animal to show symptoms. Destruction of the skunk is recommended and the brain is so tested for presence of rabies virus.

Skunk owners have recently organized to campaign for USDA blessing of both a vaccine and an officially recommended quarantine catamenia for skunks in the United States.[ citation needed ]

Wolves [edit]

Under normal circumstances, wild wolves are generally timid effectually humans, though at that place are several reported circumstances in which wolves accept been recorded to act aggressively toward humans.[30] The majority of fatal wolf attacks accept historically involved rabies, which was first recorded in wolves in the 13th century. The earliest recorded case of an actual rabid wolf attack comes from Deutschland in 1557. Though wolves are not reservoirs for the disease, they can catch it from other species. Wolves develop an uncommonly severe aggressive state when infected and can bite numerous people in a single attack. Before a vaccine was developed, bites were virtually always fatal. Today, wolf bites can be treated, merely the severity of rabid wolf attacks tin can sometimes issue in outright expiry, or a bite nigh the head will make the disease act too fast for the treatment to take effect.[xxx]

Rabid attacks tend to cluster in winter and jump. With the reduction of rabies in Europe and North America, few rabid wolf attacks have been recorded, though some notwithstanding occur annually in the Middle Eastward. Rabid attacks can be distinguished from predatory attacks by the fact that rabid wolves limit themselves to biting their victims rather than consuming them. Plus, the timespan of predatory attacks tin can sometimes last for months or years, as opposed to rabid attacks which stop normally subsequently a fortnight. Victims of rabid wolves are usually attacked around the head and neck in a sustained manner.[xxx]

Other placental mammals [edit]

The most ordinarily infected terrestrial animals in the Usa are raccoons, skunks, foxes, and coyotes. Whatsoever bites past such wild animals must exist considered a possible exposure to the rabies virus.

Most cases of rabies in rodents reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States have been found amongst groundhogs (woodchucks). Small rodents such equally squirrels, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks, rats, mice, and lagomorphs like rabbits and hares are near never plant to be infected with rabies, and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.[31]

Marsupial and monotreme mammals [edit]

The Virginia opossum (a marsupial, dissimilar the other mammals named above, which are all eutherians/placental), has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant only not immune to rabies.[32] Marsupials, along with monotremes (platypuses and echidnas), typically have lower body tempertures than similarly-sized eutherians.[33]

Birds [edit]

Birds were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected birds are largely, if non wholly, asymptomatic, and recover.[34] Other bird species take been known to develop rabies antibodies, a sign of infection, later on feeding on rabies-infected mammals.[35] [36]

Transport of pet animals betwixt countries [edit]

Sign at a United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland port showing rabies prevention measures aimed at merchant sailors.

Rabies is endemic to many parts of the globe, and 1 of the reasons given for quarantine periods in international fauna send has been to try to keep the illness out of uninfected regions. Even so, most developed countries, pioneered past Sweden,[ commendation needed ] at present let unencumbered travel between their territories for pet animals that have demonstrated an adequate allowed response to rabies vaccination.

Such countries may limit motility to animals from countries where rabies is considered to exist nether control in pet animals. There are various lists of such countries. The Britain has developed a listing, and France has a rather different listing, said to be based on a list of the Part International des Epizooties (OIE).[ citation needed ] The European Union has a harmonised list. No list of rabies-complimentary countries is readily available from OIE.[ original research? ]

In recent years, canine rabies has been practically eliminated in North America and Europe due to all-encompassing and often mandatory vaccination requirements.[37] However it is however a pregnant problem in parts of Africa, parts of the Middle East, parts of Latin America, and parts of Asia.[38] Dogs are considered to exist the main reservoir for rabies in developing countries.[39]

Even so, the recent[ when? ] spread of rabies in the northeastern United States and farther may cause a restrengthening of precautions against movement of possibly rabid animals betwixt developed countries.[ citation needed ]

See too [edit]

  • Prevalence of rabies
  • Rabies transmission
  • Rabies vaccine

Footnotes [edit]

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  2. ^ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assay for the Global Burden of Affliction Study 2010" (PDF). Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30050819. PMID 23245604. S2CID 1541253. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. ^ Ettinger, Stephen J.; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinarian Internal Medicine (4th ed.). W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN978-0-7216-6795-9.
  4. ^ Goodwin and Greenhall (1961), p. 196
  5. ^ Pawan (1936), pp. 137-156.
  6. ^ Pawan, J.L. (1936b). "Rabies in the Vampire Bat of Trinidad with Special Reference to the Clinical Grade and the Latency of Infection." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. Vol. 30, No. 4. December, 1936.
  7. ^ Greenhall, Arthur M. 1961. Bats in Agriculture. Ministry of Agronomics, Trinidad and Tobago.
  8. ^ Ding, Nai-Zheng; Xu, Dong-Shuai; Lord's day, Yuan-Yuan; He, Hong-Bin; He, Cheng-Qiang (2017). "A permanent host shift of rabies virus from Chiroptera to Carnivora associated with recombination". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 289. Bibcode:2017NatSR...seven..289D. doi:ten.1038/s41598-017-00395-2. PMC5428239. PMID 28325933.
  9. ^ a b Cynthia G. Kahn, ed. (2010). The Merck Veterinary Manual (10th ed.). Kendallville, Indiana: Courier Kendallville, Inc. p. 1193. ISBN978-0-911910-93-three.
  10. ^ a b c Lackay, Due south. N.; Kuang, Y.; Fu, Z. F. (2008). "Rabies in small animals". Vet Clin North Am Pocket-sized Anim Pract. 38 (4): 851–nine. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.03.003. PMC2518964. PMID 18501283.
  11. ^ "Rabies Vaccination Key to Prevent Infection - Veterinary Medicine at Illinois". University of Illinois Higher of Veterinarian Medicine . Retrieved 2019-12-xv .
  12. ^ a b "Rabies in Cats". WebMD . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  13. ^ "Rabies Symptoms in Cats". petMD . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  14. ^ Bryner, Jeanna (2007-08-15). "Thriving on Cattle Blood, Vampire Bats Proliferate". livescience.com . Retrieved 2019-10-28 .
  15. ^ a b c Carey, Bjorn (2011-08-12). "Offset U.S. Decease by Vampire Bat: Should We Worry?". livescience.com . Retrieved 2019-x-28 .
  16. ^ a b Benavides, Julio A.; Paniagua, Elizabeth Rojas; Hampson, Katie; Valderrama, William; Streicker, Daniel One thousand. (2017-12-21). "Quantifying the burden of vampire bat rabies in Peruvian livestock". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 11 (12): e0006105. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006105. ISSN 1935-2735. PMC5739383. PMID 29267276.
  17. ^ a b "Exercise vampire bats actually exist?". USGS . Retrieved 2019-x-28 .
  18. ^ Baggaley, Kate (2017-10-27). "Vampire bats could soon swarm to the United states of america". Pop Scientific discipline . Retrieved 2019-10-28 .
  19. ^ "Rabies in a Dairy Cow, Oklahoma | News | Resources | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-10-28 .
  20. ^ Arellano-Sota, C. (1988-12-01). "Vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. x Suppl iv: S707–709. doi:10.1093/clinids/10.supplement_4.s707. ISSN 0162-0886. PMID 3206085.
  21. ^ Thompson, R. D.; Mitchell, K. C.; Burns, R. J. (1972-09-01). "Vampire bat control past systemic treatment of livestock with an anticoagulant". Scientific discipline. 177 (4051): 806–808. Bibcode:1972Sci...177..806T. doi:x.1126/science.177.4051.806. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 5068491. S2CID 45084731.
  22. ^ Wang, Xingtai; Chocolate-brown, Catherine Thousand.; Smole, Sandra; Werner, Barbara Grand.; Han, Linda; Farris, Michael; DeMaria, Alfred (2010). "Assailment and Rabid Coyotes, Massachusetts, USA". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 16 (2): 357–359. doi:10.3201/eid1602.090731. PMC2958004. PMID 20113587.
  23. ^ Dunlop, Robert H.; Williams, David J. (1996). Veterinary Medicine:An Illustrated History. Mosby. ISBN978-0-8016-3209-9.
  24. ^ "Rabies and Your Pet". American Veterinary Medical Clan . Retrieved 2019-12-15 .
  25. ^ a b c "Rabies and Horses". www.omafra.gov.on.ca . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  26. ^ "Rabies in Horses: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders of Horses: The Merck Manual for Pet Health". www.merckvetmanual.com . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  27. ^ "Diseases Transmissible From Monkeys To Human being - Monkey to Human Bites And Exposure". www.2ndchance.info . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  28. ^ Weinmann, E.; Majer, M.; Hilfenhaus, J. (1979). "Intramuscular and/or Intralumbar Postexposure Treatment of Rabies Virus-Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys with Man Interferon". Infection and Amnesty. American Society for Microbiology. 24 (1): 24–31. doi:x.1128/IAI.24.ane.24-31.1979. PMC414256. PMID 110693.
  29. ^ Di Quinzio, Melanie; McCarthy, Anne (2008-02-26). "Rabies take a chance among travellers". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Clan Journal. 178 (5): 567. doi:x.1503/cmaj.071443. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC2244672. PMID 18299544.
  30. ^ a b c "The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans" (PDF). Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-02-11. Retrieved 2008-06-26 .
  31. ^ "Rabies. Other Wild animals: Terrestrial carnivores: raccoons, skunks and foxes". 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, Us: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2010-12-23 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  32. ^ McRuer DL, Jones KD (May 2009). "Behavioral and nutritional aspects of the Virginian opossum (Didelphis virginiana)". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practise. 12 (2): 217–36, viii. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2009.01.007. PMID 19341950.
  33. ^ Gaughan, John B.; Hogan, Lindsay A.; Wallage, Andrea (2015). Abstract: Thermoregulation in marsupials and monotremes, chapter of Marsupials and monotremes: nature's enigmatic mammals. ISBN9781634834872 . Retrieved 2022-04-20 .
  34. ^ Shannon LM, Poulton JL, Emmons RW, Woodie JD, Fowler ME (April 1988). "Serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from California". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 24 (2): 264–vii. doi:ten.7589/0090-3558-24.2.264. PMID 3286906.
  35. ^ Gough PM, Jorgenson RD (July 1976). "Rabies antibodies in sera of wild birds". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (3): 392–5. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.3.392. PMID 16498885.
  36. ^ Jorgenson RD, Gough PM, Graham DL (July 1976). "Experimental rabies in a bully horned owl". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 12 (three): 444–7. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-12.3.444. PMID 16498892. S2CID 11374356.
  37. ^ "Administration of Rabies Vaccination State Laws". world wide web.avma.org . Retrieved 2016-12-04 .
  38. ^ "Rabies:Introduction". The Merck Veterinarian Manual. 2006. Retrieved 2007-08-xiv .
  39. ^ Rupprecht, Charles Due east. (2007). "Prevention of Specific Infectious Diseases: Rabies". Traveler's Health:Xanthous Volume. Centers for Affliction Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 2007-08-14. Retrieved 2007-08-14 .

References [edit]

  • Baynard, Ashley C. et al. (2011). "Bats and Lyssaviruses." In: Advances in VIRUS Inquiry VOLUME 79. Research Advances in Rabies. Edited by Alan C. Jackson. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-387040-7.
  • Goodwin G. 1000., and A. 1000. Greenhall. 1961. "A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 122.
  • Joseph Lennox Pawan (1936). "Transmission of the Paralytic Rabies in Trinidad of the Vampire Bat: Desmodus rotundus murinus Wagner, 1840." Almanac Tropical Medicine and Parasitol, 30, Apr 8, 1936, pp. 137–156.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_in_animals

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